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The middle schooler’s brain

“When I鈥檓 a grown-up, I want to be totally awesome.”

The tweens and early teens of sixth, seventh, and eighth grade are often hormone-addled, pimpled, unpredictable narcissists, rudely defiant one second and emotionally clingy the next. They’ve probably calculated that you’re not as completely cool as Taylor Swift, Kendrick Lamar, or even their faddishly-dressed BFF — and they let you know it. You may wonder if your precious child’s body is inhabited by aliens. Honestly, close guess — those invading 鈥渁liens鈥� are hormones.

When kids reach puberty, their brains produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). When GnRH courses into the tiny pituitary gland, two additional hormones 鈥� luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 鈥� escape and basically run wild. In boys, these hormones swim south, telling the testes to start manufacturing testosterone and sperm. In girls, LH and FSH manipulate the ovaries, soliciting production of estrogen. Either way, all hell breaks loose.

During this traumatic time, we need to provide often-unwanted (but typically much-needed) love, advice, and support 鈥� which is why it’s helpful to know what’s occurring, anatomically, in their evolving noggins. Here’s how you can better understand 鈥� and navigate 鈥� the cranial crises of your adolescent child.

Judgment or lack thereof

From middle school to maturity, the brain鈥檚 primary growth area is the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobes, a region that’s referred to as the “CEO” or “central decision-maker” of the brain. The cognitive control center, it鈥檚 responsible for functions like mediating conflicting emotions, making ethical decisions, inhibiting emotional and sexual urges, general intelligence and predicting future events. If you鈥檝e noticed your 11-year-old son can be frightfully disorganized, or that your tween daughter now seeks a private area, like in a locked box or drawer, for secret items or a journal, you can trace these behaviors back to the brain of their brains, so to speak.

And right now it鈥檚 changing tremendously in a “rewiring” process that fortifies certain neural highways while virtually abandoning the majority of others. The transitional activity of this rewiring phase is disorienting for your young teen, and often exhibits itself in recklessness, poor decision-making, and emotional outbursts.

Pleasure seekers

(January 2010) suggests that adolescents indulge in risk-taking behavior because the anterior insula is more highly-activated in young teens than in adults, and the ventral striatum peaks in middle adolescence. These regions are hypersensitive to reward. Underdevelopment of frontal lobes also makes youngsters behave more emotionally, because they’re still making decisions with their wild, fight-or-flight, reptilian-brain amygdala, instead of with their reasonable, civilized (and still growing) prefrontal cortex. A also warns that frequent social media usage is associated with risky behaviors. Warn your impulsive daredevil about the dangers of drugs, smoking, alcohol, unsafe sex, skateboarding without a helmet, and participating in crazy TikTok challenges, emphasizing the catastrophic harm that can befall their most prized possession: the mind.

Weird growth

Yikes! What’s growing? Tell your child immediately (if you haven’t already) about the physical changes ahead, which are triggered by the GnRH and LH hormone releases. For girls: breasts, acne, pubic hair, menstruation, wider hips. For boys: underarm, pubic, and facial hair, acne, larger testicles, wet dreams, erections, etc. If you don’t warn your pubescent progeny, they’ll be freaked out by 鈥済ross鈥� surprises. Plus, tell them 鈥斅爓hile they squirm and cringe 鈥斅爐hat they might start to develop crushes. Middle schoolers are often self-conscious about their body’s developments, with anxiety about how others view them.

Feed the brain

Many sixth, seventh, and eighth graders want to slurp unhealthy junk food and soda pop into their gullets, because the 鈥減leasure鈥� centers of their brain develop sooner than their ability to calculate long-term consequences. They’ll beg for it. But don’t cave in: junk food can lead to obesity, , and .

Help your child eat healthy food —聽and explain that it fosters their brain development. (Try some healthy brain foods for kids.) of fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins, and dairy products, with moderate amounts of sugar, salt, and saturated fats. This doesn鈥檛 mean your child should be on a no-fat diet! Healthy fats, such as egg yolks, avocado, and salmon, are known to support brain function. Help your child avoid obesity, which weighs down . Obesity can cause a decline in the brain鈥檚 cognitive abilities, particularly in learning and memory, according to .

It鈥檚 equally important to protect your tween from eating disorders — for both their physical and mental health. Studies indicate that . According to researchers at Yale, .

No virtual violence

Gamers played one of two types of video games while researchers at Indiana University School of Medicine used MRIs to watch which brain regions were stimulated. When kids played “Need for Speed: Underground” 鈥� a non-violent game 鈥� activity was observed in the frontal area, a zone associated with concentration and self-control. But when kids played “Medal of Honor: Frontline” 鈥� a violent game 鈥� there was no frontal area activation; instead, the amygdala was excited. (That鈥檚 the “reptilian” part of the brain.) The amygdala is affiliated with emotional arousal 鈥� especially anger 鈥� and is linked to aggressive, impulsive behaviors. Repeated firing up of reptilian zones can “hardwire” a developing brain for less self-control, which is not great in middle school or in adulthood. So if you purchase video games, make sure the focus is on racing or skill, not violence.

Tuning in to tweens

聽reports that in a study of 6,026 middle schoolers, “students enrolled in formal instrumental or choral music instruction . . . outperformed [their peers]” in algebra. The correlation was especially noted with African-American pupils. Seem like a coincidence? Think again: Research suggests that, “musicians process music in the same cortical regions that adolescents process algebra.” Further proof was provided in 2023, when a suggested cognition improves when mathematics and music are used together in educational lessons.

Gender gap

Girls’ and boys’ brains are vastly different in middle school. The National Institute of Health discovered that the halfway mark in brain development (called the inflection point) occurs in females just before they turn 11, but dawdling males don’t get there until they’re nearly 15. Academic abilities might also vary widely by gender. In girls, language and fine motor skills generally mature first, up to six years earlier. In the past, girls were found to lag behind boys in math, raising the possibility that girls’ brain development differed from boys’. But since recent research finds girls now perform as well as boys in math, a more probable cause for the gender gap is culture not biology.

Check mate

Strengthened interconnectedness in middle school isn鈥檛 just a social phenomenon 鈥� it鈥檚 in their brain architecture, too. You鈥檒l see it in your child鈥檚 improved ability to plan, problem solve, process complex thought, do deductive reasoning, and process information. To multiply your middle schooler’s mental powers, encourage them to play chess. Studies indicate that the tactical thinking required in the 鈥淕ame of Kings” initiates a significant advance in mathematical ability. Other strategic brain-builders are checkers, backgammon, and the UniWar app for iPhone and Android.

Brain and brawn

When it comes to helping your tween develop their mind, it鈥檚 worth challenging their muscles as well. John Ratey MD, author of Spark, believes exercise elevates a chemical he dubs “Miracle-Gro for the brain” because it builds the brain鈥檚 infrastructure. indicates students with higher fitness levels get higher grades and perform better on tests.

Studies also suggest aerobic activity before academically challenging classes helps kids memorize new material due to the oxygen increase in the brain. For example, . To buff up your tween鈥檚 brain and body, encourage them to play sports, exercise regularly, and be active. Parents can be helpful role models if they work out regularly, or best of all, exercise with their child.

Jay Giedd, neuroscientist at the National Institute of Mental Health, has remarked that, “recess and play seem to be the first thing that are cut out of school curriculums鈥� But those actually may be as important, or maybe even more important, than some of the academic subjects that the children are doing鈥�” To buff up both their brain and their body, encourage your middle schooler to be active, play sports, and exercise regularly. Parents can also work out with them to provide healthy role models.

Benevolent rule

A middle-schooler’s evolving brain requires firm guidance from diligent adults. Developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind, , recommends that parents adopt the . Why? This style of parenting means providing consistent, compassionate, goal-clarifying direction, and allows the child to build self-esteem by making intelligent choices. A also showed it was strongly correlated to life satisfaction in youth and adults between the ages of 14 and 29.

According to Baumrind, when parents opt for the more controlling authoritarian parenting style, the tendency is to scold their kids more, which can instill a sense of inadequacy. Research shows that extreme parental verbal abuse can cause significant reduction in . Alternatively, when parents opt for the indulgent permissive parenting style, they tend to heap praise without justification, which can give kids a false sense of attainment.

Employ authoritative tactics in your effort to raise a mature and sensible kid, and you鈥檒l be a 鈥渢otally awesome parent,鈥� even if your teen doesn鈥檛 come out and say it just yet. Just wait —聽someday they certainly will.

Additional reading on the developing tween brain

by The Brainiac

by Callie Noble

by Shawn Marie Edgington and Emily Scheinberg